![]() Understanding the genetics behind this single genotype grouping might lead to a better understanding of why some isolates of M. phaseolina isolates from California and other parts of the world support the grouping of most strawberry isolates into a single genotype (Marina Ramon and Frank Martin, personal communication). A larger, unpublished study using 24 SSR markers and over 460 M. The results from an initial study using 65 SSR markers and 15 California isolates show that the majority of isolates recovered from strawberry cluster within a distinct clade. phaseolina from strawberry and other hosts growing mainly in California was conducted using SSR markers. ![]() A large population study to understand potential regional and host differences of M. Interestingly, this pathogen is found in cooler, coastal strawberry growing regions of California despite its documented preferences for warmer climates. As a result, the 2.3-billon dollar, 15,000-ha strawberry industry in California is under increasing threat from this pathogen that causes crown rot and death of the plant. phaseolina in strawberry fields has been observed as growers shift away from using methyl bromide as a preplant fumigant as required by changes in pesticide regulations. phaseolina exhibit a strong host preference toward strawberry. phaseolina collected from strawberry and other hosts around California support the hypothesis that some isolates of M. Specifically, our recent work studying M. phaseolina may exhibit some degree of host preference and that each isolate may not pose an equal risk to all crops. phaseolina has been thought to be a broad host range pathogen, with the same isolate being able to infect multiple plant species and thus posing a risk to growers planting a variety of crops in a field with a history of M. phaseolina increases with warmer soil temperatures, ranging from 28 to 35 ☌. Some studies have shown that the survival and symptom severity caused by M. This pathogen is soilborne and can survive multiple growing seasons by forming resting structures called microsclerotia, which are melaninized structures formed from 50 to 200 cells. Macrophomina phaseolina is a haploid, clonally reproducing ascomycete fungus that causes damping off, stem rot, and charcoal rot on a wide range of over 500 host species including soybean, corn, wheat, and strawberry. Additional work is also needed to complete the scaffolding of smaller contigs identified in the strawberry genotype assembly and to determine if unique genes in the strawberry genotype play a role in pathogenicity. Work with Illumina data from additional isolates suggests that some genes are predominately present in isolates of the strawberry genotype, but additional work is needed to confirm the role of these genes in pathogenesis. Having more complete assemblies allows for structural rearrangements to be more fully assessed and ensures a greater representation of all the genes. phaseolina have allowed for the identification of structural changes associated with a genotype that has a host preference toward strawberry and will enable future comparative genomics studies. Within the limits of comparing Illumina and PacBio assemblies, no conserved structural rearrangements were identified among the isolates from the strawberry genotype compared to those from other hosts, but some candidate genes were identified that were largely present in isolates of the strawberry genotype and absent in other genotypes. To include isolates representing a range of pathogen genotypes, an additional 30 isolates were sequenced with Illumina, assembled, and compared to the strawberry genotype assembly. Structural comparisons between the isolates reveal large-scale rearrangements including chromosomal inversions and translocations. Unique groups of genes for each isolate were identified when compared to closely related fungal species. Both genomes were annotated with MAKER using transcript evidence generated in this study with over 13,000 protein-coding genes predicted. The isolate from alfalfa had an N50 of 5.0 Mb and 14 nuclear contigs with half including telomeres. The strawberry isolate had 59 contigs/scaffolds with an N50 of 4.3 Mb. phaseolina isolates representing the strawberry-specific genotype and another genotype recovered from alfalfa. We used PacBio sequencing and Hi-C scaffolding to provide nearly complete genome assemblies for M. This pathogen lacked a high-quality genome assembly and annotation, and little was known about genomic differences among isolates from different hosts. Macrophomina phaseolina is a fungal plant pathogen with a broad host range, but one genotype was shown to exhibit host preference/specificity on strawberry.
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